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<title>Automated fingerprint identification</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Automated fingerprint identification</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about automated fingerprint identification systems in general. For the U.S. national AFIS, see <a href="Integrated_Automated_Fingerprint_Identification_System" title="Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System">Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System</a>.</div>

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<p><b>Automated fingerprint identification</b> is the process of using a computer to match <a href="Fingerprint" title="Fingerprint">fingerprints</a> against a <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a> of known and unknown prints in the fingerprint identification system. Automated fingerprint identification systems (AFIS) are primarily used by law enforcement agencies for criminal identification purposes, the most important of which is the identification of a person suspected of committing a <a href="Crime" title="Crime">crime</a> or linking a suspect to other unsolved crimes.

</p><p><b>Automated fingerprint verification</b> is a closely related technique used in applications such as attendance and access control systems. On a technical level, verification systems verify a claimed identity (a user might claim to be John by presenting his PIN or ID card and verify his identity using his fingerprint), whereas identification systems determine identity based solely on fingerprints.

</p><p>AFISs have been used in large-scale civil identifications, the chief purpose of which is to prevent multiple enrollments in an electoral, welfare, driver licensing, or similar system. Another benefit of a civil AFISs is to check the background of job applicants for sensitive posts and educational personnel who have close contact with children.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deployed_systems">Deployed systems</h2></div>

<p>The United States <a href="Integrated_Automated_Fingerprint_Identification_System" title="Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System">Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System</a> (IAFIS) holds the fingerprint sets collected in the United States, and is managed by the <a href="FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a>. However, the IAFIS is being retired to make room for a more improved software called the <a href="Next_Generation_Identification" title="Next Generation Identification">Next Generation Identification (NGI)</a> system. Many states also have their own AFISs. AFISs have capabilities such as latent searching, electronic image storage, and electronic exchange of fingerprints and responses.

</p><p>Many other countries and entities — including <a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="National_Crime_Records_Bureau#National_Automated_Fingerprint_Identification_System" title="National Crime Records Bureau">India</a>, <a href="Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, the <a href="Interpol" title="Interpol">International Criminal Police Organization</a>, and various states, provinces, and local administrative regions — have their own systems, which are used for a variety of purposes, including criminal identification, applicant background checks, receipt of benefits, and receipt of credentials (such as passports). In Australia, the system is called the <a href="National_Automated_Fingerprint_Identification_System" title="National Automated Fingerprint Identification System">National Automated Fingerprint Identification System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>European police agencies are now required by a European council act<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to open their AFISs to each other to improve the war on terror and the investigation of cross-border crime. The act followed the <a href="Pr%C3%BCm_Convention" title="Prüm Convention">Prüm treaty</a>, an initiative between the countries Belgium, Germany, Spain, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Austria. While technically not being an AFIS itself, the Pruem treaty's decentral infrastructure allows AFIS queries on all European criminal AFISs within a reasonable time.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fingerprint-matching_algorithms">Fingerprint-matching algorithms</h2></div>

<p>Fingerprint-matching algorithms vary greatly in terms of <a href="Type_I_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Type I error">Type I</a> (false positive) and <a href="Type_II_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Type II error">Type II</a> (false negative) error rates. They also vary in terms of features such as image rotation invariance and independence from a reference point (usually, the "core", or center of the fingerprint pattern). The accuracy of the algorithm, print matching speed, robustness to poor image quality, and the characteristics noted above are critical elements of system performance.

</p><p>Fingerprint matching has an enormous computational burden. Some larger AFIS vendors deploy custom hardware while others use software to attain matching speed and throughput. In general, it is desirable to have, at the least, a two-stage search. The first stage will generally make use of global fingerprint characteristics while the second stage is the minutia matcher.

</p><p>In any case, the search systems return results with some numerical measure of the probability of a match (a "score"). In ten-print searching, using a "search threshold" parameter to increase accuracy, there should seldom be more than a single candidate unless there are multiple records from the same candidate in the database. Many systems use a broader search in order to reduce the number of missed identifications, and these searches can return from one to ten possible matches. Latent to tenprint searching will frequently return many (often fifty or more) candidates because of limited and poor quality input data. The confirmation of system-suggested candidates is usually performed by a technician in forensic systems. In recent years, though, "lights-out" or "auto-confirm" algorithms produce "identified" or "non-identified" responses without a human operator looking at the prints, provided the matching score is high enough.

"Lights-out" or "auto-confirm" is often used in civil identification systems, and is increasingly used in criminal identification systems as well.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skepticism">Skepticism</h2></div>

<p>For many years, the <a href="Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> have presented the claim that fingerprint identification is a fully accurate and dependable source for profiling and identification. The belief in this technique was based on the assumption that there are no two fingerprints that are the same and that every person has their own unique pattern. However, there is no scientific evidence or studies that have been done to support this claim.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can also be applied to other forms of forensic identification, such as bite mark analysis — also known as <a href="Forensic_dentistry" title="Forensic dentistry">forensic dentistry</a>, which can be seen in a case of Levon Brooks.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of fingerprint identification, <a href="Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> agents who are responsible for examining the prints to determine the points of similarity in order to tell if they have secured a match, varies from examiner to examiner and from laboratory to laboratory. The decision process, unfortunately, is entirely subjective to the individual running the tests and there is no way to ensure that the examiner will not be susceptible to observer bias.

</p><p>In 2004, after the <a href="2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="2004 Madrid train bombings">Madrid train bombings</a>, there were partial fingerprints identified from the bags of the explosives that had been left at the station. After careful consideration, it was determined by the <a href="Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> that the fingerprints left on the bag had matched to an individual in Portland, Oregon named <a href="Brandon_Mayfield" title="Brandon Mayfield">Brandon Mayfield</a>. This case, however, went on to change the entire outlook of fingerprint identification within the FBI, as it was later determined that he had been wrongly arrested. Because of this, the FBI is no longer able to testify that fingerprint identification is a 100% accurate technique for profiling, and should therefore be considered very carefully by anyone who uses it.

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<ul><li><a href="Aadhaar" title="Aadhaar">Aadhaar</a></li>

<li><a href="EURODAC" class="mw-redirect" title="EURODAC">EURODAC</a>, an EU-wide system for storing and matching fingerprints of asylum seekers</li>

<li><a href="Fingerprint_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingerprint recognition">Fingerprint recognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Fingerprint_Verification_Competition" title="Fingerprint Verification Competition">Fingerprint Verification Competition</a></li>

<li><a href="Pattern_recognition" title="Pattern recognition">Pattern recognition</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.australianpolice.com.au/dactyloscopy/fingerprint-identification-in-australia/">Fingerprint Identification In Australia</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:210:0001:0011:EN:PDF">Acts adopted under the EO treaty</a>. Retrieved 2010-05-10.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frontline. (2012). "The Real CSI." 17 April 2012. Web. 20 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=91GbKc0ijHU">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=91GbKc0ijHU</a></span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBalko2021" class="citation web cs1">Balko, Radley (26 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-watch/wp/2018/01/26/levon-brooks-a-mississippi-man-wrongly-convicted-by-bad-forensics-dies-at-58/">"Opinion | Levon Brooks, a Mississippi man wrongly convicted by bad forensics, dies at 58"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218085748/http://filer.livinginperu.com/news/img/afis-display.jpg">Screen shot of AFIS system used in Peru</a>, as of January 2007. From the article <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livinginperu.com/news/3053">Peru now uses AFIS fingerprint system ...</a>. Retrieved 2010-05-10.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todes.by/en/dacto2000.html">Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) Dacto 2000</a>, Belarus</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/p/online-fingerprint-verification-sdk/">Online Fingerprint Identification sdk</a>, Saurabh</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourceafis.machinezoo.com/">SourceAFIS fingerprint matcher</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-14" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Automated_fingerprint_identification&oldid=1290335218">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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